According to the Mayo Clinic online, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a cyclic, seasonal mood condition with signs and symptoms that reoccur around the same time each year. Usually, symptoms appear during late fall and progress on through the winter, only abating with the onset of longer and sunnier days.
But some people have developed the opposite pattern and become depressed with the onset of spring or summer, only feeling relief when that season wanes. In either case, SAD symptoms generally start out mildly and progress in severity throughout the length of a particular season.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Causes, Effects, and Treatments
According to Mental Health America, formerly known as the National Mental Health Association (NMHA), SAD mimics many signs of depression, though it is actually a mood disorder that is related to the body's inability to adapt itself to varying amounts of sunlight.
The NMHA further offers the following facts about this serious and often misunderstood disorder.
- A million people suffer from SAD every winter between September and April.
- The “Winter Blues" may be a milder form of SAD and affects twice as many people.
- Three out of four SAD sufferers are women.
- The main onset of SAD occurs between the ages of 18 and 30.
- SAD occurs in both the northern and southern hemispheres, though, oddly, it is rarely seen in those living within 30 degrees latitude of the equator.
- The severity of the disorder depends on both a person’s vulnerability to light variance and his or her geographical location.
Evidently, just as sunlight affects the seasonal activities of animals (reproductive cycles and hibernation), it may too influence human behavior in similarly cyclical ways. As seasons change, there is a marked shift in the human “internal biological clock,” or circadian rhythm, due in part to patterns directly linked to varying levels of sunlight. The effect is an internal clock that is in step with the calendar seasons but out of step with the hustle and bustle of modern-day schedules.
Also, SAD sufferers seem to produces excess levels of melatonin, a sleep-related hormone that is naturally secreted by the brain. It seems that sufferers excrete heaps of the hormone during extended periods of darkness. The effect is so overwhelming that when the days become shorter and darker, sufferers begin to crave carbohydrates, require greater amounts of sleep, become irritable, and develop a severe disinclination to boogie.
Misdiagnosing and Mis-identification and Treatment of SAD
Despite it's pervasive grip on so many Americans, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is notoriously difficult to diagnose and treat effectively due to its elusive and broad-ranging symptoms and almost entirely subjective level of suffering across all of those who are effected. Nevertheless, if the majority of the following symptoms listed below (from the Mayo Clinic on-line) are experienced, SAD may be the cause.
- Depression
- Hopelessness
- Anxiety
- Loss of energy
- Social withdrawal
- Oversleeping
- Loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed
- Appetite changes, especially a craving for foods high in carbohydrates
- Weight gain
- Difficulty concentrating and processing information
Notably, it is important to talk with your doctor regarding any concerns about mood instability or depression.
Particularly interesting are the symptoms of social withdrawal, appetite changes, and difficulty concentrating and processing information, as these symptoms do not necessarily point to long-term and pervasive suffering. The other interesting notation here is that there is currently no cure for SAD. Medication, light therapy, and weekly exercise regiment are only treatments for the disease.
Light Therapy Treatment and Medications for SAD Symptoms
Light therapy currently is the main treatment for SAD symptoms, and research is continuing to determine the most effective way to use it. There are two types of light therapy: bright light treatment, which makes use of a "light box" for a certain amount of time (usually in the morning); and dawn simulation, which takes place during the sleeping hours, utilizing a low-intensity light timed to go on in the early morning and get brighter as the sun rises.
It may take anywhere from three days to two weeks before the patient experiences positive effects from light therapy. However, discontinuing the routine will likely cause a relapse back into depression, as the goal of the light box is to reset the biological clock to a time of full sun. The theory is that this treatment triggers the brain to function at its highest levels of production (e.g. during seasonal times of full sun).
Other treatments include the use of antidepressants, which may take as many as 6 to 8 weeks to become fully effective. Medication can be used along with light therapy, but, as always, it is important to talk with a doctor before taking any medications. Also, taking a daily does of niacin has been recently indicated as an effective treatment of SAD.
SAD may never full y be understood, but it is usually treatable given the proper time, attention, and understanding. The main thing to understand is that the body craves gradual and consistent balance, so if a treatment works for you, stay with it.
Jeremy Perkins - The author has a B.A in Journalism and Writing, an M.A. in Information Technology, and enjoys watercolor painting, sports, coding, hiking, ...
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